Introduction
Recent
conflicts in Europe and the Middle East have revived a fundamental strategic
question: what kind of armed forces are required for future wars?
For decades,
many Western states assumed that future conflicts would be short,
technology-driven and fought by small professional forces. However, recent
foresight studies within NATO and partner countries suggest a different
trajectory.
One
interesting synthesis of these studies was recently highlighted by Norbert
Gehrke, who reviewed one hundred foresight reports on the future character of
conflict produced by NATO countries, partners, and competitors.
The
emerging picture is clear: future conflicts will be faster, more complex,
and potentially longer than expected.
For
military planners this has a direct implication: the importance of
reserves is increasing again.
What the
Studies Say About Future Conflicts
The
foresight reports reviewed in the analysis converge on several common
observations about the character of future conflicts.
1.
Warfare is becoming multi-domain
Future
conflicts are expected to occur simultaneously across multiple operational
domains: land, air, maritime, cyber, space and information environment. Military
operations will increasingly depend on digital networks, satellites, and
data-driven command systems.
2. The
“grey zone” will expand
Competition
between states will not begin with open warfare. Instead, conflicts will evolve
through hybrid and grey-zone activities, including cyber operations,
information warfare, economic pressure and sabotage and influence operations. Modern
conflict therefore blends military and non-military instruments into a single
strategic campaign.
3.
Technology accelerates warfare
Artificial intelligence, autonomous systems and unmanned platforms will dramatically increase the speed of decision-making and combat operations. In some cases, military operations may occur at machine speed, reducing the time available for political and military decision-makers.
4.
Conflicts may last longer than expected
Despite
technological change, recent wars demonstrate that industrial capacity,
manpower and endurance remain decisive factors. The war in Ukraine has shown
that high-intensity warfare between industrialized states can become a
prolonged war of attrition.
The
Strategic Implication: Reserves Matter Again
While the
foresight reports emphasize technology and multi-domain operations, their
implications point toward a more traditional requirement: depth and
endurance in military forces. Professional forces alone rarely provide
sufficient manpower for prolonged or large-scale conflicts. This reality is
leading many countries to reconsider the role of reserves.
1. Size:
Strategic Depth
Future
conflicts require reserves that provide mass and strategic depth. Professional
forces can handle the initial phase of conflict, but reserves are required for:
reinforcement of combat units, territorial defence, protection of
infrastructure and long-term rotation and replacement.
A layered
reserve structure is increasingly common:
|
Reserve
Layer |
Purpose |
|
Immediate
reserve |
Rapid
reinforcement |
|
Operational
reserve |
Sustain ongoing
operations |
|
Strategic
reserve |
Long-term
mobilization |
2.
Readiness: Speed of Mobilisation
The value
of reserves depends not only on their size but also on their mobilisation
speed.
Modern
reserve systems therefore emphasize regular training cycles, pre-assigned units
and equipment, digital mobilisation systems, and integration with active forces.
The difference between mobilisation in days rather than weeks can determine operational success.
3.
Capability: Beyond Traditional Infantry
Future reserves cannot consist solely of traditional infantry forces. Modern defence systems increasingly require specialised reservists in fields such as cyber defence, electronic warfare, intelligence analysis, drone operations and logistics and infrastructure protection. In many countries, the civilian workforce already contains these capabilities. A modern reserve system allows the military to access them when needed.
A New
Force Model Is Emerging
Across many
Western countries a similar force structure is gradually reappearing:
· A small
professional force supported by a large, capable reserve.
· The
professional component provides immediate response, high readiness, and expeditionary
capability
· The reserve
component provides mass, endurance, and societal resilience.
This model reflects a basic strategic reality: national defence is a whole-of-society effort.
Conclusion
Future
conflicts are likely to be technologically advanced, multi-domain and
strategically complex. Yet one conclusion appears increasingly clear.
Despite
rapid technological change, manpower, resilience, and strategic depth
remain essential elements of military power.
For this reason, reserves are not a legacy of the past. They are becoming a central pillar of future defence systems.
Source
Norbert
Gehrke: Future of Conflicts – Analysis of NATO and partner foresight
studies. https://www.ndc.nato.int/future-of-conflicts-a-vision-of-what-is-to-come/


